Peptides which stimulate the immune response and tissue regeneration

ABSTRACT

A pharmaceutical composition for stimulating production of cytokines of inflammation including a peptide corresponding to formula (I) below:  
     (A) n -A1-A1-A2-A1-A3-A4-A1-(A) m    
     in which A is any amino acid, n and m are each whole numbers from 0 to 20 whose sum n+m is between 0 and 20, A1 is a basic amino acid and more particularly lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg), A2 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly) and aspartic acid (Asp), A3 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, proline (Pro), glutamic acid (Glu) and glutamine (Gln), A4 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), serine (Ser) and valine (Val), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/FR00/02786, with an international filing date of Oct. 6, 2000, which is based on French Patent Application No. 99/12714, filed Oct. 12, 1999.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention concerns a new family of peptide molecules having the capacity especially of stimulating the expression of the cytokines of inflammation and promoting regeneration of tissues. The invention, thus, also pertains to pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one of the peptides.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Known in the prior art are numerous angiogenic growth factors such as factors HARP, MK, FGF-1, FGF-2, VEGF, HIV1-tat, HIV2-tat, HGF, HB-EGF and angiogenin. Among these factors, HARP (Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide), which is also called PTN (pleiotrophin) or HB-GAM (heparin binding-growth associated molecule), constitutes with MK (Midkine) a family of structurally related growth/differentiation factors that bind to heparin and having 50% homology in amino acids [L, 2].

[0004] The growth factor HARP is a polypeptide of 168 amino acids containing an N-terminal hydrophobic motif of 32 amino acids corresponding to a signal peptide. In its mature form, HARP is a secreted protein of 136 amino acids in its short form or 139 amino acids in its long form, whose apparent molecular weight, determined in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, is 18 kDa.

[0005] HARP was initially isolated from rat neonate brains as a molecule inducing in vitro neurite growth [3], suggesting that this polypeptide is involved in the maturation of neuronal cells [4]. Subsequent studies showed that this polypeptide was also present in non-neuronal tissues, such as the heart [5], uterus [6], cartilage [7] and bone extracts [8], demonstrating that the function of HARP is not limited to a promotional action on neurite growth as previously reported [3].

[0006] HARP is capable of stimulating the growth of fibroblastic, epithelial and endothelial cells in vitro [6, 9]. This mitogenic action has since been confirmed by the use of recombinant proteins produced from eukaryote expression systems [9, 12]. HARP also induces in vitro the formation of pseudocapillaries. In vivo, in different tissue models, localization of HARP is especially associated with endothelial cells of blood capillaries [16]. The data concerning HARP available at present suggest that this polypeptide plays a role in the complex mechanisms involved in angiogenesis and in tumor neoangiogenesis. Extensive research has been performed with regard to this aspect to determine the involvement of HARP in tumoral progression, particularly, in hormone-dependent tumors such as the breast and prostate.

[0007] Studies pertaining to the biological properties of HARP have been performed by numerous laboratories [2] and, despite much debated results, it appears that HARP, like MK, is involved in the control of cellular proliferation [2, 9-11]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that human purified recombinant HARP proteins are mitogenic for endothelial cells [9, 12] and exert in vitro an angiogenic action [12]. Numerous studies have shown the involvement of HARP and MK in developmental processes [10, 13, 14]. Studies of the distribution of HARP protein mRNA during embryonic and postnatal development suggest important functions in cell growth and differentiation [15]. Nevertheless, the physiological functions in vivo of these molecules is still poorly understood. The presence of HARP transcripts in adult tissues including the meninges, iris, testicles and uterus also indicates a physiological role in adult age.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for stimulating production of cytokines of inflammation including a peptide corresponding to formula (I) below:

(A)_(n)-A1-A1-A2-A1-A3-A4-A1-(A)_(m)

[0009] in which A is any amino acid, n and m are each whole numbers from 0 to 20 whose sum n+m is between 0 and 20, A1 is a basic amino acid and more particularly lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg), A2 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly) and aspartic acid (Asp), A3 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, proline (Pro), glutamic acid (Glu) and glutamine (Gln), A4 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), serine (Ser) and valine (Val), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will become manifest from the description below concerning Examples with reference to the attached drawings in which:

[0011]FIG. 1 shows the stimulation of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in PBMCs which have been stimulated or not stimulated by HARP. Clear bar: unstimulated cells; hatched bar: cells stimulated by 100 ng/ml of HARP.

[0012]FIG. 2 shows the dose-response effect of HARP tested on PBMCs. A) The cells were cultured in the absence of or in the presence of different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 ng/ml of HARP (-) or midkine (MK) (∘-∘). Each of the values represents the mean of the cpm obtained±the standard deviation. B) The cells were incubated with tetanus toxin (TT) at 1800 IU/ml, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at 2.5 μg/ml, interleukin-2 (IL-2) at 50 IU/ml, or not treated (NT) as internal controls of stimulation.

[0013]FIG. 3 shows the dose-response effect of HARP on PBMCs treated by an anti-CD3. The cells were cultured as described above. It should be noted that a high cell mortality was seen when the cells were treated with 100 ng/ml of HARP in the presence of CD3. Black bar: HARP alone; clear bar: HARP+anti-CD3.

[0014]FIG. 4 shows the dose-response effect of HARP on PBMCs treated by tetanus toxin. The cells were cultured as described above. It should be noted that a high cell mortality was seen when the cells were treated with 100 ng/ml of HARP in the presence of tetanus toxin (800 IU/ml). Hatched bar: HARP alone; clear bar: HARP+tetanus toxin.

[0015]FIG. 5 shows the effect of the HARP protein on the replication of HIV by measurement of the p24 immunoreactivity. PBMCs obtained from an HIV-infected patient were incubated according to the protocol described in §1 for 3 days with variable concentrations of HARP (0.1-100 ng/ml). Viral replication was assessed by measurement of the immunoreactivity associated with the p24 protein present in the culture medium. (*) low cell mortality; (**) high cell mortality. Production of the virus was evaluated by the “Abbott HIV Ag monoclonal” test which is a quantitative immunoenzymatic solid-phase determination test of the sandwich type. The viruses present in the sample to be tested were lysed by Triton X100 then the lysate was incubated with polystyrene beads covered with anti-p24 monoclonal antibody. After incubation, the beads were washed and the presence of specific immunoglobulins was visualized with a second anti-Ig mouse antibody bound to peroxidase. Visualization was then performed by adding a substrate of the peroxidase: ortho-phenylenediamine.

[0016]FIG. 6 shows the activation of the mononucleated cells of the peripheral blood by HARP peptides. The PBMCs were cultured for 7 days in RPMI culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum in the absence of or in the presence of 1 ng/ml HARP protein or 1 μg/ml of peptides 1 or 2. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine was determined as described above.

[0017]FIG. 7 shows the study of the effect of HARP on the expression of IL-1 after 3 days (clear bars) or 7 days (solid bars) of culture. Quantitative determination of these cytokines was performed using an ELISA test from R&D.

[0018]FIG. 8 shows the effect of HARP on the expression of TNF-α after 3 days (clear bars) or 7 days (solid bars) of culture. Quantitative determination of these cytokines was performed using an ELISA test from R&D.

[0019]FIG. 9 shows the effect of HARP on the expression of IL-6 after 3 days (clear bars) or 7 days (solid bars) of culture. Quantitative determination of these cytokines was performed using an ELISA test from R&D.

[0020]FIG. 10 shows the expression of IL-6 by peptides 1 and 2 corresponding to the NH₂ and COOH parts of the HARP polypeptide. Quantitative determination of these cytokines was performed after 7 days of incubation using an ELISA test from R&D.

[0021]FIG. 11 shows the effect of the HARP peptides on muscle regeneration. Adult rat soleus muscle was crushed and then treated or not treated by the peptides, and then collected after 4 days of regeneration:

[0022] 1: treated by PBS (50 μl)

[0023] 2: treated by peptide 1 (50 μl, 1 μg)

[0024] 3: treated by peptide 2 (50 μl, 1 μg)

[0025]FIG. 12 shows the angiogenic effect of peptide 1 tested in CAMs:

[0026] A: treatment with peptide 1

[0027] B: control treated with PBS

[0028]FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of the plasmid used for producing the peptide corresponding to the N terminal part (residues 1 to 14) of HARP.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Our investigative studies focused on numerous angiogenic growth factors such as FGF-1, FGF-2, VEGF, HIV1-tat, HIV2-tat, HB-EGF, angiogenin, HARP and MK. We were able to identify the peptide sequences contained in many of these factors. Based on these sequences, we constructed peptide molecules rich in the basic amino acids lysine (K) and arginine (R).

[0030] Table I below presents the portions of sequences rich in basic amino acids of various growth factors in which the positions of the basic amino acids are essentially aligned. TABLE I Growth factor Sequence HARP (1-14) GKKEKPEKKVKKSD HIV-2-tat (70-92) K-GLGICYERKGRRRRTPKKTK-TH HB-EGF (85-114) ATPNKEEHGKRKKKGKGLGKKRDPCLRKYK HARP (108-132) KLTKPKPQAESKKKKKEGKKQEKML FGF-2 (116-141) RSRKYTSWYVALKRTGQYKLGSKTGPGQP HGF (25-50) IAIPYAEGORKRRNTIHEFKKSAKTT VEGF (145-170) RGKGKGPKRKRKKSRYKSWSVPCGP HIV1-tat (41-65) KGLGISYGRKKRRQRRRPPQGNQAH MK (106-122) PKTKAKAKAKKGKG-KD MK (1-11) KKKDKVKKGGP Angiogenin (24-50) RYCESIMRRRGLTSPCKDINTFIN FGF-1 (15-42 KFNLPPGNYKKPKLLYCSNGGHFLRILP FGF-1 (115-140) KKHAEKNWFVGLKKNGSCKRGPRTHYGYK

[0031] Thus, the invention provides a peptide responding to formula (I) below:

(A)_(n)-A1-A1-A2-A1-A3-A4-A1-(A)_(m)

[0032] in which:

[0033] A is any amino acid;

[0034] n and m are each whole numbers from 0 to 20 whose sum n+m is between 0 and 20, preferably between 0 and 15, and especially preferably between 0 and 10;

[0035] A1 is a basic amino acid and more particularly lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg);

[0036] A2 is an amino acid selected from among: the basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), aspartic acid (Asp);

[0037] A3 is an amino acid selected from among: the basic amino acids, proline (Pro), glutamic acid (Glu), glutamine (Gln);

[0038] A4 is an amino acid selected from among: the basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), serine (Ser), valine (Val).

[0039] The peptides of formula (I) according to the invention will also be designated “pAHA” to indicate “angiogenic peptide of HARP”.

[0040] The invention envisages more particularly the peptides of the following formulas:

(A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Glu-Lys-Pro-Glu-Lys-(A)_(m)  (II)

(A)_(n)-Arg-Lys-Gly-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-(A)_(m)  (III)

(A)_(n)-Lys-Arg-Lys-Lys-Lys-Gly-Lys-(A)_(m)  (IV)

(A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Glu-Gly-Lys-(A)_(m)  (V)

(A)_(n)-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Lys-Ser-Arg-(A)_(m)  (VI)

(A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-(A)_(m)  (VII)

(A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Asp-Lys-Val-Lys-Lys-(A)_(m)  (VIII)

[0041] in which A, n and m have the same meaning as in formula (I).

[0042] The peptide of formula (II) was defined more particularly from the sequence of HARP (1-14).

[0043] The peptide of formula (III) was defined more particularly from the sequence of HIV-tat (70-92).

[0044] The peptide of formula (IV) was defined more particularly from the sequence of HB-EGF (85-114).

[0045] The peptide of formula (V) was defined more particularly from the sequence of HARP (108-132).

[0046] The peptide of formula (VI) was defined more particularly from the sequence of VEGF (145-170).

[0047] The peptide of formula (VII) was defined more particularly from the sequence of HIV-tat (41-65).

[0048] The peptide of formula (VIII) was defined more particularly from the sequence of MK (1-11).

[0049] The peptides of the invention can be prepared by chemical synthesis or by genetic expression techniques from the corresponding polynucleotide sequence by techniques known in the art.

[0050] We demonstrated that the pAHA peptides present angiogenic and cicatrizing properties like HARP and at comparable doses (ED50#5-50 ng/ml). In fact, we observed the remarkable action of these peptides on vascular ischemia (angiogenesis), muscle regeneration and cicatrization. We have also demonstrated that the peptides of the invention are capable of stimulating the expression of the cytokines of inflammation and are, thus, useful for preventing or treating diseases linked to immunodepression and, more particularly, AIDS.

[0051] The invention, thus, also pertains to a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more of the preceding peptides associated in said composition with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles.

[0052] Taking into account the properties of the peptides described above with regard to tissue regeneration, the invention concerns more particularly a composition comprising one or more pAHA peptides, and possibly another compound, that is useful for promoting cell regeneration and growth, such as muscle growth and cicatrization.

[0053] Due to the properties of the peptides described above with regard to angiogenesis, the invention concerns, more particularly, a composition comprising one or more pAHA peptides and possibly another compound that is useful for preventing or treating vascular ischemia.

[0054] As indicated above, our research studies made it possible to demonstrate the unexpected properties of the pAHA peptides on the proliferation of the circulating cells of the blood and, more particularly, on mononucleated cells of peripheral blood. A detailed study of this property demonstrated the stimulatory properties of pAHA on certain cytokines, more particularly, the cytokines of inflammation.

[0055] In fact, the presence of mRNA of the HARP protein has been observed in the cells of the blood vessels, both in the endothelial cells and the smooth muscle cells, as well as in human mammary glands [16]. Furthermore, it has been reported that HARP is an angiogenic growth factor [12] and that it is synthesized and localized in the vascular endothelial cells [16].

[0056] We, therefore, evaluated the action in vitro of this growth factor on freshly isolated PBMCs (human mononucleated cells of the peripheral blood) by incubating PBMCs with the HARP factor or with a pAHA peptide. The results showed that HARP and pAHA are capable of stimulating the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the nuclei of PBMCs. These results, thus, demonstrate that the HARP molecule, as well as the pAHA peptide, strongly stimulate proliferation of human mononucleated cells of peripheral blood and, more particularly, after one week there is seen an augmentation in the population of T lymphocytes.

[0057] Our experiments showed that HARP is active on the proliferation of lymphocytes at very weak concentrations on the order of 10 pM. This surprising result led us to consider that the HARP factor must bind to its receptor on the PBMCs with a strong affinity.

[0058] After incubation of PBMCs with HARP factor, no increase in the IL-2 levels was seen. We, therefore, concluded that HARP does not act on the production of IL-2 interleukins, but that HARP and pAHA bind with strong affinity to a specific receptor present on the lymphocytes and induce the activation of the interleukin sites, most particularly, the IL-2 sites.

[0059] Our knowledge to date regarding the HARP receptors is incomplete. The presence of strong affinity HARP binding sites (Kd=600 pM) in NIH 3T3 cells has already been reported [20]. These HARP binding sites have also been found in various cell types, including rat kidney cells, human mammary adenocarcinoma cells, human epidermal carcinoma cells, human hepatocarcinoma cells, mouse neuroblasts and pheochromocytoma cells.

[0060] It is commonly accepted that no biological response transmitted by HARP was observed on this type of cell and that, consequently, these binding sites can not be considered to be functional receptors. Parallel studies describe the interactions between HARP and the heparan sulfate proteoglycans such as syndecan-1 and syndecan-2. It has been shown that syndecan-3 interacts with HARP with an apparent Kd of 800 pM. This heparan sulfate proteoglycan is involved in the neurite outgrowth action of HARP because the anti-syndecan-3 antibodies can block this activity [21].

[0061] More recently, a report by Maeda et al. described the binding of HARP with the binding sites of weak affinity (Kd=3 nM) and of strong affinity (Kd=250 pM) to phosphacan, an extracellular variant of a similar receptor, a β phosphatase tyrosine protein, RPTP β [22].

[0062] It is of interest to note that although MK (midkine) and HARP belong to the same family of molecules and both induce neurite outgrowth [17, 23], no induction of tritiated thymidine incorporation in the PBMCs was detected when using MK, which suggests that MK and HARP bind to different surface receptors, which, in fact, has recently been demonstrated [24, 25]. Moreover, the two molecules are expressed and isolated using similar experimental methods, including the same expression recombinant system and the same purification techniques. The fact that the incorporation of tritiated thymidine is seen solely with HARP and not with MK excludes the presence of a bacterial contaminant presenting a mitogenic activity in relation to PBMCs.

[0063] Depending on the donors of the PBMCs, different indices of stimulation have been seen. The most significant mitogenic effect induced by HARP is best observed by using quiescent cells, without activation of the PBMCs by lectins, like PHA recommended for the mitogenic activity induced by IL-2. This result clearly confirms the fact that HARP does not induce a stimulation of the production of IL-2.

[0064] The results obtained, thus, show that the pAHA peptide acts on the proliferation of immune cells and, more specifically, on the T lymphocytes. The invention consequently pertains, more particularly, to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more pAHA peptides, and possibly another compound, that is useful for stimulating the proliferation of mononucleated cells of blood and, more particularly, the T lymphocytes. The stimulation of the proliferation of the T lymphocyte cells is most particularly useful in the treatment of immunosuppressed patients.

[0065] Another observation was obtained on cells obtained from blood from AIDS patients. In Example 4 below, the inventors demonstrate how the stimulation of the cells from the patient's blood by the peptides of the invention enable amplification in vitro of the replication of the HIV virus and, thus, can promote its detection and its typing. Compositions comprising the peptides of the invention are, thus, also useful for the diagnosis of an infection by the HIV viruses.

[0066] With regard to treatment of an HIV infection, the efficacy of antiviral agents is reinforced by administering them prior to or simultaneously with one or more peptides of the invention. In fact, the peptides of the invention promote the replication and liberation of HIV viruses in vivo, especially residual HIV viruses which remain present in the organism after antiviral treatment. Administration of the peptides according to the invention, by activating these viruses, makes them more accessible to the antiviral agents and, thus, more easily destructible.

[0067] It is, moreover, known that, besides IL-2, the cytokines generally play a role in cellular proliferation, more particularly, in the case of blood cells. We, therefore, attempted to demonstrate the role of HARP and of pAHA in the expression of cytokines. Thus, was demonstrated the inductive properties of the expression of the cytokines of inflammation. The term “cytokines of inflammation” is understood to mean preferentially TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and INF-gamma.

[0068] We tested the induction of expression of three cytokines of inflammation (TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6) by PBMC cells treated by HARP, and the induction of the expression of IL-6 by two pAHA peptides according to the invention, the sequences of which are presented in Example 5 below. The results obtained with the HARP molecule indicate that HARP is capable of inducing in a dose-dependent manner the expression of the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6.

[0069] The results obtained with both pAHA peptides show that they are capable of stimulating the expression of IL-6. An increase in the expression of these cytokines was also detected after addition to the cells of other peptides according to the invention, stemming from angiogenin and the tat protein (see Table I). No expression of the inflammatory cytokines was detected when the HARP molecule was denatured.

[0070] These results show that HARP and pAHA have in vitro and in vivo the capacity to stimulate by more than 100 times the production of cytokines of inflammation. The invention consequently pertains most particularly to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more pAHA peptides, and possibly another compound, that is useful for stimulating production of cytokines of inflammation. Such a composition according to the invention is, thus, particularly indicated in the prevention or treatment of diseases linked to immunodepression.

[0071] These studies showed that the tissues treated with HARP or pAHA present a very large number of mononucleated cells thereby promoting muscle regeneration. These results, combined with the two previously described results concerning the effect of the pAHA peptides on cell and tissue regeneration, demonstrate the effect of HARP and pAHA on tissue regeneration and, more particularly, on muscle tissues.

[0072] These results justify the use of the peptides of the invention or a composition containing them for promoting growth and differentiation of cells in cultures, especially lymphoid cells, such as endothelial cells and T lymphocytes. In fact, the culture of these cells is often performed in the context of diagnostic tests.

[0073] As indicated previously, the peptides of the invention can be produced by genetic expression of a polynucleotide sequence coding said peptides. The invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule constituted by or comprising at least one polynucleotide sequence coding for a peptide as defined previously. Such nucleic acid molecules are more particularly vectors, such as plasmids which can be used for transforming host cells in vitro or in vivo. The term “host cells” is understood to mean, for example, bacteria allowing production of the peptides of the invention. Also included are mammal cells, more particularly, human cells useful for cellular or genetic therapy methods applied to the previously described pathologies for which the peptides of the invention are useful. The invention, thus, provides compositions comprising as active principle at least one nucleic acid molecule or the cells described above.

EXAMPLE 1 Effect of HARP Protein on the Proliferation of Human Mononucleated Cells Derived from Peripheral Blood

[0074] Human mononucleated cells originating from different healthy donors were isolated from peripheral blood after centrifugation on a Ficoll-Hypaque pad (Pharmacia Biotech) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The cells were washed then cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented by 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (56° C., 30 min), 100 units/ml of penicillin and 100 μg/ml of streptomycin. The cells were inoculated at the rate of 10⁶ cells per ml in a 96-well (round bottoms) culture plate (Costar). They were cultured for 7 days in the presence or not of human recombinant HARP protein produced in E. coli at the concentration of 100 ng/ml. In the last 18 hours of culture, 1 μCi of tritiated thymidine was added to each of the wells. The radioactivity incorporated in the cell nuclei was then measured using a scintillation counter. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 1.

[0075] Analysis of these results showed us that the HARP polypeptide is capable of stimulating the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the nucleus of PBMCs. Depending on the donor, it should be noted that the index of stimulation (defined as the ratio of radioactivity incorporated in the cells treated by HARP to that in the control cells not treated by HARP) varied from 2.3 to 51.7 times (cf. the results of experiments no. 4 and no. 7). This diversity of response can suggest that there exists a relation between the response of the cells to HARP and the activation state of the immune system of the tested individual. The histogram shown as an insert in FIG. 1 shows that treatment with 100 ng/ml of HARP induces an increase in the number of cells of 2.9 times in relation to the untreated control, demonstrating that the incorporation of thymidine observed is clearly proportional to the number of cells. This cell counting was performed with the cells used for the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in experiment no. 7.

[0076] The dose-response curve of HARP protein (0.1 to 500 ng/ml) tested on PBMCs is shown in FIG. 2A.

[0077] Analysis of this curve shows us that a maximum effect is attained for a HARP concentration of 1 ng/ml of culture medium inducing a stimulation of DNA incorporation of 4.5 to 7.5 times in relation to a control culture without addition of HARP. It should be noted that there is a decrease in the radioactivity incorporated for the higher doses of HARP ranging from 1 to 500 ng/ml. No stimulation was seen when using the midkine protein (MK), a protein that exhibits 50% homology in amino acids with HARP, tested in a range of concentrations from 0.1 to 500 ng/ml. Positive stimulation controls were implemented using phytohemagglutinin (PHA) 2.5 μg/ml and tetanus toxin (TT) 1800 IU/ml (FIG. 2B). No stimulation was seen after the addition of IL-2, thereby demonstrating an absence of activation of the cells used for these tests.

EXAMPLE 2 Role of HARP Protein as Co-Stimulator of the Specific Immune Response

[0078] Activation of the T lymphocytes can be obtained via the activator of the antigen receptor (TCR) associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In addition to specific TCR-MHC/antigen recognition, this system furthermore requires the action of adhesion molecules playing a role of co-activation and amplification of the response. Following these data, we investigated whether HARP could amplify cellular proliferation either by stimulation of the T lymphocyte receptor by means of an anti-CD3 or by a memory antigen, tetanus toxin.

[0079] a) Effect of HARP Protein on the Stimulation Induced by the T Lymphocyte Receptor.

[0080] Activation of the T lymphocyte receptor was attained by treating the lymphocytes with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (1/100, Immunotech). The effect of HARP on the cellular proliferation of PBMCs was tested by adding an optimal concentration of HARP (1 ng/ml, cf. Example 1) in the presence or lack thereof of anti-CD3. The cultures as well as the quantification of the incorporated tritiated thymidine were implemented as described in Example 1. The results obtained are presented in FIG. 3.

[0081] In the absence of HARP, the anti-CD3 antibody (1/100) stimulates, after 7 days of incubation with the cells, the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by 25 times (control: 600±60 cpm; anti-CD3: 15,000±200 cpm). At the dose of 1 ng/ml of HARP and in the absence of anti-CD3, there was seen for this donor an amplification of 5.8 times in relation to the control (control: 600 cpm; HARP: 3500±cpm). At this same dose of HARP, an amplification of 33 times in the response was seen when the cells were co-stimulated with HARP/anti-CD3 (control: 600±cpm; HARP/anti-CD3: 20,000±cpm). This result shows us that the HARP protein exerts an additive co-stimulation action on the lymphocytes by which TCR is activated. At higher HARP concentrations (10 and 100 ng/ml) and in the presence of anti-CD3, a weaker and a very low incorporation of thymidine were seen.

[0082] We observed in these cultures a very high cellular mortality which was not seen when HARP was used alone at the same doses. These results show that HARP has a dose-dependent co-stimulator effect on the immune response associated with T lymphocytes.

[0083] b) Effect of HARP Protein on the Stimulation Induced by a Memory Antigen.

[0084] PBMC cells cultured under the conditions described above were stimulated by tetanus toxin (1800 IU/ml, Merieux) alone or in association with HARP protein used at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 100 ng/ml. The tetanus toxin specifically amplifies a subpopulation of memory T lymphocytes.

[0085] Addition of tetanus toxin to PBMCs stimulates, after 7 days of incubation, the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by 71 times (control: 600±60 cpm; tetanus toxin: 43,000±500 cpm), whereas a stimulation of 5.8 times in relation to the unstimulated control is seen with HARP at 1 ng/ml (control: 600±60 cpm; HARP: 3500±200 com). Stimulation of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine of 108 times in relation to the control is seen when the cells are co-stimulated by HARP at the dose of 1 ng/ml and tetanus toxin (control: 600±60 cpm; HARP/tetanus toxin: 65,000±700 cpm). The results presented in FIG. 2 show us a synergy of action on the stimulation of PBMCs between a memory antigen and HARP.

EXAMPLE 3 Determination of the Amplified Cell Population After Treatment by HARP in a PBMC Culture

[0086] The cells were isolated from peripheral blood of normal subjects (blood donors) and collected in a Vacutainer tube containing EDTA. Mononucleated cells were separated by ficoll gradient, counted and adjusted to 10⁶ per ml. The cells were incubated for 5 days at 37° C. in humid atmosphere with 5% CO₂ in the presence of HARP or other peptides at concentrations which are mentioned in each of the Examples described.

[0087] Table II presents the effects of the HARP molecule tested at a concentration of 1 μg/ml on the proliferation of lymphoid cells. TABLE II Control HARP Variation Antibody % % (%) CCD19 2 4 — CCD2 92 95 — CCD4 47 68  +45 CCD8 33 22 — CCD16/56 17 18 — CCD25 12 47 — CCD45RA 58 34 — CCD45RO 30 64 +113 RA/RO 1.9 0.5 — CCD4+ CD45RA+ 22 15  −31 CCD4+ CD45RO+ 21 49 +133 RA/RO 1 0.3 —

[0088] The analysis of the results presented in this test showed us that after treatment of a PBMC culture with HARP, one finds a strong enrichment to the degree of about 45% of the CD4+ lymphocyte population. A strong CD45RO augmentation was also observed (+113%), corresponding to an augmentation of the CD4+/CD45RO+ memory CD4 (+133%). These results indicate that one observes an amplification of CD4+ lymphocytes expressing the CD45RO characteristic of memory T lymphocytes. This Example illustrates the adjuvant role of HARP in the immune response, notably by amplification and co-activation of the CD45RO lymphocyte subpopulation.

EXAMPLE 4 Action of the HARP Molecule on Mononucleated Cells Obtained from the Peripheral Blood of HIV-Infected Subjects

[0089] Activation of the T lymphocytes and monocytes by cytokines induces production and/or activation of the nuclear factors of the host cell capable of reactivating viral transcription. This viral reactivation induced by IL-1 and TNF-α is dependent in part on the activation of the NF-κB factor. During infection by HIV, secretion by circulating monocytes of the cytokines IL-1, Il-6 and especially TNF-α, which are capable of inducing or augmenting the replication of HIV in the T lymphocytes/monocytes, suggests that these cytokines can augment the progression of the disease. The results in FIG. 5 indicate that PBMCs obtained from an AIDS patient (CD4<200/mm³) activated solely by HARP protein are capable of producing the HIV virus as measured by the production of the viral antigen p24. This production is maximal for a concentration of HARP of 1 ng/ml. For a concentration of 100 ng/ml, noteworthy cell death is seen. Thus, based on this Example, it is possible to suggest, on the one hand, that HARP can enable amplification in vitro of the expression of P24 and be used for the typing of HIV viral strains and, on the other hand, in vivo as 1) inducer of the replication of the virus, thereby facilitating the action of antiviral agents on the quiescent infected lymphocytes or 2) at high doses (corresponding to the effects observed in vitro at 100 ng/ml) induce the death of chronically activated T cells (see the preceding Examples illustrated by FIGS. 3 and 4).

EXAMPLE 5 Activation of Lymphocytes by HARP Peptides

[0090] Following the protocol described in Example 1, we tested the capacity of two peptides, whose sequences correspond to the terminal NH₂ part and terminal COOH part of HARP, to induce cellular multiplication of PBMCs. The sequences of these peptides are as follows:

[0091] Peptide 1: NH₂-AEAGKKEKPEKKVKKSDCGEW-COOH; 21 amino acids.

[0092] Peptide 2: NH₂-AESKKKKKEGKKQEKMLD-COOH; 18 amino acids.

[0093] The results are presented in FIG. 6 and show that compared to the HARP protein, peptide 2 is capable of inducing an activation response of PBMCs better than HARP, close to two times higher. For comparable concentrations, peptide 1 has a weaker effect, close to half that of HARP, but clearly superior to the control (more than two times higher).

EXAMPLE 6 Induction of the Expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 by PBMCs Treated by HARP

[0094] The cells were isolated from peripheral blood of normal subjects (blood donors) and collected in a Vacutainer tube containing EDTA. Mononucleated cells were separated by ficoll gradient, counted and adjusted to 10⁶ per ml. The cells were incubated for 3 or 7 days at 37° C. in humid atmosphere with 5% CO₂ in the presence of variable concentrations of HARP ranging from 1 to 1000 ng/ml or other peptides which are mentioned in the legends of the figures.

[0095] The results are shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9. Analysis of these results shows that the HARP molecule is capable of inducing in a dose-dependent manner the expression of the cytokines IL-1β (FIG. 7), TNF-α (FIG. 8) and IL-6 (FIG. 9).

[0096] This Example shows that peptides 1 and 2, whose structures are presented in Example 5, are capable of stimulating the expression of IL-6. Augmentation of the expression of these cytokines is also detected after addition to the cells of tat peptides or other molecules (angiogenin, tat protein; result not shown) presenting a homologous protein domain. No expression of these inflammatory cytokines is detected in this system when the HARP molecule is denatured or when the cells are treated with LPS.

EXAMPLE 7 Effect of HARP Peptides in Muscle Regeneration

[0097] The effect of peptides 1 and 2, whose structures are defined in Example 5, on muscle regeneration was tested following the protocol presented below and following the technique described in the publication by Bassaglia et al. (Y. Bassaglia and J. Gautron (1995): Fast and slow rat muscle degenerate and regenerate different after whole crush injury; J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 16, 420-429). After the rat is anesthetized (Wistar rat aged 2 to 3 months), the soleus muscle is denervated and then crushed with flat-end forceps. The sample to be tested is then injected with a volume of 50 μl of PBS. After four days of treatment, the animals are sacrificed, the muscles are collected then frozen in liquid nitrogen. Sections 8-μm thick are prepared using the cryostat and then stained with Masson's trichrome stain.

[0098] The results are presented in FIG. 11. Analysis of these sections indicates that the muscle treated with 1 μg of peptide 1 presents a number of mononucleated cells (FIG. 11.2) much higher than the muscles treated with peptide 2 (FIG. 11.3) or solely with 50 μl of PBS (FIG. 11.1). This observation indicates that the injection of peptide 1 into a crushed muscle induces, after 4 days of treatment, an augmentation in the number of mononucleated cells present in the endomysial tubes promoting tissue regeneration.

EXAMPLE 8 Effect of HARP Peptides on Angiogenesis

[0099] The chicken allantoic membrane test (CAM test) was used in this study to evaluate in vivo the effect of HARP peptides 1 and 2 on the induction of angiogenesis. The structures of these peptides were presented in Example 5. The experimental procedure was the following:

[0100] Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated at 37° C. for 3 days. After this incubation period, two openings were made in the shell and 3 to 4 ml of albumin was aspirated with a syringe. The samples to be tested were deposited on disks of methyl cellulose 3 mm in diameter. After drying, each disk was deposited on day 4 in one of the openings in a shell. Observation was carried out after a period ranging from 9 to 13 days. Each quantitative determination point was implemented 10 times and each determination was repeated 3 times. The overall results are presented in Table 3 below. TABLE III FGF-2 HARP Peptide 1 Peptide 2 Sample (100 ng) Control (1.5 μg) (1.5 μg) (1.5 μg) Response ++++ +/− ++ ++ −−

[0101] The effect of peptide 1 on the induction of angiogenesis in the CAM test is illustrated in the next Example (FIG. 12).

EXAMPLE 9 Expression and Determination of the Mitogenic Activity of the Peptide Corresponding to the N Terminal Part of the HARP Molecule (Residues 1 to 14).

[0102] The N terminal peptide (amino acids 1-14) of human HARP was obtained by recombination in a eukaryote expression system.

[0103] This peptide was obtained from the cDNA of subcloned EcoRI human HARP in the eukaryote expression vector PcDNA-3 (InVitroGen) by creation of a stop codon at the level of amino acid number 15 (QuickChange Directed Mutagenesis Kit, Stratagene, USS).

[0104] A schematic representation of the plasmid employed is given in FIG. 13.

[0105] After verification of the generated mutation by sequencing, eukaryote cells (NIH 3T3) were transfected with this construction (Fungene, Roche, N.J., USA). The expression was monitored by Western blot from culture media conditioned by the transfected cells using anti-N-terminal HARP antibody (residues 1-15, commercialized by Santa Cruz, Calif., USA). The cells were cultured for 72 h in the presence of butyrate and then the conditioned medium was recovered. After purification of the peptide by means of cationic chromatography and a reverse phase (Waters, Symmetry®, C18, 5 μm, 4.6×250 mm). Elution of the column was performed by a linear gradient of acetonitrile. The presence of peptide in the eluted fractions was monitored by measuring the optical density at 220 nm. Quantitative determination of the mitogenic activity induced by the peptide purified in this manner was performed according to the following protocol:

[0106] The cells used were HUVEC cells (Clonetics) used between passages 1 to 5. Each of the wells of a 48-well culture plate (Costar) was incubated for 1 night at 4° C. with a solution of HARP (100 ng/ml), of purified HARP peptide (100 ng/ml) or solely the negative control buffer. After rinsing the wells with a PBS solution, the cells were inoculated at the rate of 2×10⁴ cells per cm² in the DMEM culture medium containing 2% of fetal calf serum. Each quantitative determination was performed in triplicate.

[0107] Induction of cellular proliferation was assessed by counting the cells after 72 hours of culture.

[0108] The results are presented in Table IV below and indicate that the HARP peptide corresponding to the N terminal part of HARP and produced by genetic engineering induced cellular proliferation of the endothelial cells. TABLE IV Sample tested Number of cells HARP 129,000 ± 26,000  Control 30,000 ± 8100   HARP peptide 12,000 ± 14,000

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1. A pharmaceutical composition for stimulating production of cytokines of inflammation comprising: a peptide corresponding to formula (I) below: (A)_(n)-A1-A1-A2-A1-A3-A4-A1-(A)_(m) in which: A is any amino acid; n and m are each whole numbers from 0 to 20 whose sum n+m is between 0 and 20; A1 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg); A2 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly) and aspartic acid (Asp); A3 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, proline (Pro), glutamic acid (Glu) and glutamine (Gln); A4 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of basic amino acids, glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), serine (Ser) and valine (Val); and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the peptide prevents or treats immunodepressive diseases.
 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the peptide improves accessibility of HIV viruses to antiretroviral agents by promoting replication and release of said viruses.
 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the peptide promotes replication and release of HIV viruses for detection and typing of said HIV viruses in vitro.
 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the peptide corresponds to one of the following formulas: (A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Glu-Lys-Pro-Glu-Lys-(A)_(m)  (II) (A)_(n)-Arg-Lys-Gly-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-(A)_(m)  (III) (A)_(n)-Lys-Arg-Lys-Lys-Lys-Gly-Lys-(A)_(m)  (IV) (A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Glu-Gly-Lys-(A)_(m)  (V) (A)_(n)-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Lys-Ser-Arg-(A)_(m)  (VI) (A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-(A)_(m)  (VII) (A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Asp-Lys-Val-Lys-Lys-(A)_(m)  (VIII) in which A, n and m have the same meaning as in formula (I).
 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the peptide corresponds to formula (I): (A)_(n)-A1-A1-A2-A1-A3-A4-A1-(A)_(m)  (I) with the exception of the peptide of formula (II): (A)_(n)-Lys-Lys-Glu-Lys-Pro-Glu-Lys-(A)_(m).  (II)
 7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the peptide promotes muscle growth.
 8. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the peptide promotes cicatrization.
 9. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the peptide stimulates proliferation of mononucleated cells of blood.
 10. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the peptide stimulates proliferation of T lymphocytes of blood.
 11. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the peptide prevents or treats vascular ischemia.
 12. A method of stimulating production of cytokines of inflammation comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 to a mammal.
 13. A method of preventing or treating immunodepressive diseases comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 to a mammal.
 14. A method of improving accessability of HIV viruses to anti-retroviral agents comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 to a mammal.
 15. A method of detecting and typing HIV viruses in vitro comprising contacting a peptide according to claim 1 with the HIV viruses to thereby promote replication and release of the viruses.
 16. A method of promoting muscle growth comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition according to claim 1 to a mammal.
 17. A method of promoting cicatrization comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition according to claim 1 to a mammal.
 18. A method of stimulating proliferation of mononucleated cells of blood comprising contacting the peptide according to claim 1 with the cells.
 19. A method of stimulating proliferation of T lymphocytes comprising contacting the peptide according to claim 1 with the T lymphocytes.
 20. A method of preventing or treating vascular ichemia comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition according to claim 1 to a mammal. 